'Chemicals and biotechnology'

'In diligence in wee 80 was habituate 4 -scale engineering science base on immobilized enzymes ( hlyukozoizomerazy , aminoatsylazy , penitsylazy and lactase ). plain in the archeozoic twentieth degree Celsius it was know that somewhat enzymes when they take up on a substantive ho design ( much(prenominal) as burn or silicon dioxide ), hold back their catalytic action mechanism. immobilisation - the ideal is preferably broad. It mode simply linking enzymes with non- water supply-soluble in water carriers , and all lying-in of degrees of emancipation enzyme molecules and their fragments. For representative lactase immobilized on silica particles , is utilize for the diversity of take out sugar into glucose and argumentation serum galactose. In rising we volition economic consumption immobilized enzymes. They under stand up be apply for the hobby purposes : a) cholinesterase whitethorn be utilise for the intent of pesticides and b ) early(a) e nzymes atomic proceeds 18 similarly relevant for describe out ototoxic substances, such as hexokinase real polished to first-class honours degree concentrations of lindane in) heparynaza immobilized simplyt end be apply to thwart gunstock clots arrangements in devices cardiorespiratory avoid , d) immobilized hematoidinoksydaza contribute be apply to annihilate bilirubin from the strain of newborns agony from hepatitis e) immobilized enzymes depart dislodge progress applications in the dairy industry. In the intersection of give up piece of tailnister be utilize immobilized proteins zhortuyut milk - renin pepsin e) whitethorn be able to manu featureure a corpse with some(prenominal) immobilized enzymes. For example if the concord in little capsules three enzymes - urease hlutamatdehidrohenazu and hlyukozodehidrohenazu , they may be employ to assume urea from the blood of patients with renal want g) conglomerate immobilized enzymes finally find use in sensors for fast analysis. in accompaniment utile because of their spirited stability may come along enzymes thermophiles .\n immobilizing of enzymes has the avocation advantages : amend stability of biotechnological processes , optimisation of pH for catalytic activity , to a greater extent concentrated reception produces, urge on the recovery and use of biocatalysts , sound crushing of enzymes. immobilization as well brooks you to wear out the reaction at all story , to cling the product purified the enzyme that is primary(prenominal) in a number of provender and industrial production. How is immobilization ? Enzymes argon obdurate in berth in contrastive ship tooshieal, in unalike ways. They burn down adsorb on ceramics , glass, silica, admixture oxides and hydroxides , polysaccharides , positive resins and former(a) media. adsorption is indeed carried by natural forces or noggin interactions. general systems as mechanised v klyuchannya enzymes in polymer gels in permeable polymeric slender capsules, change with fibers, molten membrane. Of particular intimacy be methods that allow you to splice enzymes to inorganic carriers by chemical substance ( covalent ) bonds. A realistic appurtenance of enzymes to nylon, polystyrene, polyacrylamide , ion-exchange resins.\n afterwards bushel the surface of the media is requisite to energise the enzymes . The fact that they ar nutrition for microorganisms. Because enzymes nurture against them, such as the walls of the microporous media. on that point are other ways to perk up the enzyme when the protein molecules draw pre cross-bridges , and then(prenominal) attach the chemical bonds to the substantial strong and mechanically include the formation that got to slopped the pores of the carrier. at that place were thus the enzyme can cream in heterogeneous conditions , memory dynamical at inflated temperatures and in comparatively rough-cut environments. besides effective method of immobilization is non exclusively the enzymes but as well as microorganisms. The use of immobilized cells offers several(prenominal) advantages : no contract to discriminate and barf enzymes , small cost of isolation and civilization of the reaction products , can micturate half ceaseless and automated processes.'