Cause and Consequences of urbanization in Scotland Essay

This paper will investigate applicable reason and outcomes of urbanization in Scotland from 1700-1860. A word reference characterized term would be â€Å"the social procedure whereby urban areas develop and social orders become more urban.†(1. 30/08/2005). Scotland experienced tremendous political and efficient changes from the 1700’s onwards. The nation went from being a country, agrarian culture with an expected populace of 1.2 million out of 1755, to being urbanized, with the populace ascending to over 2.6 million in 1841(Lenman, p281, 2001). This figure is the thing that makes the urbanization of Scotland so intriguing. What were the principle factors that made the populace develop so quickly? The development of populace over such a brief period and the social changes that happened with this. The incomparable Agrarian and Industrial unrests had a significant part’s to play in the urbanization of Scotland and this paper will give some illumination on why it was so significantly recognizable in Scotland. Another point that will be researched is the results of urbanization, how the nation at last turned into a cutting edge promoted nation from its provincial beginnings. Previously and up until 1750, Scotland was a lot of a feudalistic nation. Rulers leased occupants enough land for them to create food to endure. Consequently, the occupant would need to work the Lord’s land just as his own. The Landlord would receive the rewards, the occupant would endure, and as most of the individuals relied upon the land as their exuberant hood, it was a way to endurance. As Devine states,_† In 1750 just a single Scot in eight lived in a town (populace of 4000 or over) and there was just four towns with more than 10000 inhabitants†_ (Devine, 1999, p125). This shows the monstrosity of Scots who were living in country networks, with the principle work being in farming, weaving and angling. The progressions to agribusiness started with those known as the improvers, whose primary standpoint was to modernize the manner in which the land was developed. As the number of inhabitants in the nation started to quicken rapidly, the improvers were hoping to create mass food rather than the old method of development. During the period between 1790-1840 new cultivating gear was presented and the land that was officially cultivatedâ using the â€Å"infield-outfield and mat and wrinkle method† was improved by encasing the land into fields making it progressively gainful for crops and for animals Crop turns were likewise presented which was utilizing the land consistently. The presentation of single occupant cultivating instead of ferm-touns implied the start of the clearances, just as agrarian apparatuses getting progressively effective. The presentation of sifting machines diminished physical work and â€Å"the Small’s furrow †a two pony furrow supplanted the Scot’s furrow which required a group of bulls and horses† (Devine, 1998, p138). These new thoughts created more food yet they additionally left individuals destitute and jobless, as there was less work required, which left individuals no decision however to proceed onward into the towns and urban communities where industry had started making occupations. The development of the towns and urban areas were unpredictably connected with the agrarian upheaval as the mass populace depended on the land for the food it created. The other central matter that Devine makes is that as the agrarian market began to quicken, the requirement for trade focuses that gave legitimate, business and money related offices for the country networks turned out to be increasingly unmistakable, so a few towns including Perth, Ayr and Dumfries turned into the supplier of these administrations. This again added to development of towns, as individuals were required to work and live in the towns to encourage these positions (Devine 1998, p32) Accordingly, we can suspect that three significant changes happened simultaneously and they contributed towards urbanization in Scotland: The agrarian upheaval alongside the populace development, and the extension of the assembling business. As T.M Devine States, _Urbanisation couldn't have occurred without a generous increment in food creation to support the requirements of the individuals who didn't develop their own food supplies. Simultaneously, agrarian profitability needed to improve so as to discharge a developing extent of the populace for non-rural assignments in towns and cities._ (Devine, 1998, p32) Alongside postulations changes the assembling business started to develop quickly. Scotland was a significant player in the transoceanic exchanging industry and because of its topographical position, it was blasting in the tobacco exchange and it would proceed to succeed in cotton and material as well. Scotland’s Geographical situation as of now was significant as it is arranged between the Atlantic and Europe, which implied exchanging from one to the next, was extremely fruitful. The two significant factor’s of the Industrial Revolution were, the material business and the profitability of the steam motor, which was reformed by James Watt in 1769 (Watt James on the web, 2005). Materials production lines and coalmines could deliver more merchandise and they didn't should be close to a water source so as to run. Because of this, the bigger towns and urban areas started to develop quickly. _Greenock in 1700 had a populace of 2000 and by 1831 it had rose to 27500._ _Glasgow went from 31700 to 147000._ _Paisley went from 6800 to 47000._ _Kilmarnock went from 4400 to 12700_ _Falkirk went from 3900 to 11500. All inside the timeframe from 1740-1850 (Devine 1998, p35)_ The populace development over the brief time frame is the most noteworthy point here as this is the thing that made urbanization in Scotland extraordinary. There are various variables that influenced the populace development yet some are more noteworthy than others are. Irish Immigration was unmistakable and the movement of individuals from the country territories had a significant effect. For example:_† most of the vagrants were youthful grown-ups progressively moved in the eligible and childbearing age bunches than were the local occupants. High Migration due to its age piece was in this way prone to fuel common increment in the urban areas_†.(Devine 1998,p41) simultaneously theâ highlanders were leaving the land either through power as the lord’s applied the new development procedures to the land or through decision. The larger part decided to move to America; this didn't influence the populace development the same number of Irish transients were coming to Scot land searching for work in the blasting ventures. â€Å"_Urbanisation implied more occupations, a more extensive assorted variety of social contacts and unendingly more noteworthy shading and fervor in the lives of the masses_† (Devine 1998 p43) Death rates exhibit their colossal effect on populace development as well. It has been recommended that lower passing rates, through common insusceptibility to ailment profoundly added to urbanization, as in the mid 1800’s the demise rate had tumbled to 25 for each 1000. This recommends regular resistance and elevated levels of joblessness quickened the populace development (Devine, 1998, p48). The impact of industrialisation was monetarily useful for the nation, yet with it came destitution. Most of the common laborers lived in stuffed lodging territories known as ghettos with no sanitation, and were overflowing with infection. As Devine contends, during times of modern downturn when business had drooped, there were additionally times of ailment scourge. These started in 1817-1820(Typhoid), 1826-27(Typhoid) and in 1830-1832, a cholera pestilence that cleared out 10000 individuals. Times of downturn run equal, the first being 1816-1818, 1825 and afterward 1836 (Devine, 1999, p168). In 1839, Death rates increased to 29 for each 1000. Individuals had to live in terrible day to day environments with tremendous sanitations issues, the towns and urban communities couldn't adapt to the urban development and sickness was the result. Packed, sub-isolated lodging was a hazardous issue in all the significant Towns and Cities, particularly in Glasgow. _†I didn't accept until I v isited Glasgow, that so huge a measure of foulness, wrongdoing, hopelessness and ailment existed in one spot in any one enlightened country† (_Butt J, 1987 p41-42). Individuals were tweaked to living in foul dim, soggy terrible conditions among sickness. As the times of downturn were keep thousands separate from work in a condition of neediness, the poor law revision act was passed in 1845, which supplanted the old poor help laws of the wards taking dependably for theâ poor. The new law permitted a case to be made under oversight of a leading group of analysts, it came as indoor alleviation, which would be admission to a poorhouse if subject had lost the capacity to work, and open air help, which was for momentary ailment, and this may have been as installment or medication. It could be contended that the mechanical transformation was the introduction of the common laborers and free enterprise in this nation. The individuals who claimed the production lines and docks made an incredible benefit and a white collar class way of life was embraced. This could be supposed to be the division of the classes, with the assistance of the mechanical insurg ency, individuals built up a â€Å"working† class or â€Å"middle† class mentality, All in all, the proof calls attention to that few main considerations happened that quickened the urban development of the country. The Agrarian unrest began the mass moving and the modern upheaval gave the work power with the goal for free enterprise to develop. The outcomes of urbanization were overpowering, yes the economy thrived, yet at what cost to the average workers individuals, passing, illness and hopelessness.

The Waste Land Vs The Great Gatsby free essay sample

The Waste Land V.s. The Great Gatsby Essay, Research Paper Investigation ~ The Great Gatsby and # 8220 ; The Waste Land # 8221 ; An investigation of the association between F. Scott Fitzgerald # 8217 ; s novel, The Great Gatsby, and T.S. Eliot # 8217 ; s stanza structure, # 8220 ; The Waste Land, # 8221 ; uncovers that Fitzgerald transposes the significances and thought processes of # 8220 ; The Waste Land # 8221 ; to The Great Gatsby. For case, the stanza structure starts with: April is the cruelest month, causing Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing. Eliot sees the recovery of life bound from the earliest starting point, as in the terminal it will perish in any case. Thus, in The Great Gatsby, Gatsby attempts to emphasize the past and unrecorded his phantasy, yet he will neer have the option to achieve it. In add-on, another outline is the physical depiction and similarity of both of the scenes. In The Great Gatsby, the vale of remains, similar to Eliot # 8217 ; # 8217 ; is a # 8220 ; squander land. We will compose a custom paper test on The Waste Land Vs The Great Gatsby or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page # 8221 ; Eliot goes into the waste land and portray how the roots # 8220 ; fasten # 8221 ; sterile land, earnestly trying to determine something out of nil. The vale of remains is in like manner with its # 8220 ; trick ranch where cinders develop like wheat into edges and slopes and unusual nurseries. # 8221 ; These portrayals propose that no life signifiers jar ever be in the unpleasant condition and that the waste grounds offer no pardoning. The characters # 8217 ; above water nature is one more delineation. In # 8220 ; A Game of Chess, # 8221 ; the grown-up female says dejectedly: What will I make now? What will I make? . . . What will we make to-morrow? What will we ever do? Essentially, Daisy says in the principal section: What # 8217 ; ll we plan? What do individuals be after? What's more, once again in part seven: What # 8217 ; ll we do to occupy our time this evening, and the twenty-four hours from that point forward, and the following 30 mature ages? The activities of these grown-up females show that they do non cognize how to pull off their clasp prudently and they squander it. At last, the likenesses between Owl-Eyes and Tiresias can be called attention to. Owl-Eyes has these # 8220 ; colossal owl-peered toward eyeglassess, # 8221 ; is visually impaired, # 8220 ; yet keen. # 8221 ; In a similar way, Tiresias is other than unsighted, however he predicts all. The two characters speak to the oculus of the head. In choice, T.S. Eliot # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; The Waste Land, # 8221 ; is persuasive to The Great Gatsby. On the other hand, both of these trick plants of writing segment a significant number of similar significances and intentions.

The Obsession with Dream Schools

When it comes to our college lists, many of us have one school we love far more than the rest. And sometimes, we feel like the world will crumble around us if we don’t get in. But it’s time for a reality check. We need to stop the obsession with dream schools! Stop romanticizing We usually believe that our dream schools are perfect and that our lives will be perfect if we go there. But that’s not the case. There are pros and cons to every college. (Realize that before you start school and your expectations won’t be too high.) This realization will make you feel a lot better in case you don’t get into your dream school. You won’t feel like the world is crumbling around you because you’ll have realized that one school isn’t your whole world. Yeah, maybe that dream school would have been fun. But it wouldn’t have solved all your problems and made your life amazing. Stop pretending that it will. Stop worrying about other people The attraction with dream schools comes partly from the prestige. We envision how proud and impressed everyone will be when we get in. After all, you’ve probably told at least a few people about your top choice. So it would be sort of embarrassing if you ended up getting rejected. But as soon as you get to college, other people’s opinions won’t matter at all. It will just be you and your new classmates. If your dream school is your dream because of how others will view it, then you should change your dream. Base your top choice on your own happiness. Be flexible and realistic Don’t limit your options by putting all of your eggs in one basket. When you become obsessed with just one reach school, you close yourself off to more realistic possibilities. It’s as if you’re a horse with blinders. You’re so focused on one potential outcome, that you don’t ever stop to consider others. Consider applying early to a target school that you love. That way, you’ll almost guarantee your spot. If you apply early to your dream reach school, you might not get accepted regular decision at that great target. Sure, there’s a 5% chance that you’ll get accepted at your reach school and you want to increase that chance as much as possible by applying early. But sometimes that’s not the best strategic decision. You have so many options! There are so many great schools out there. A school you’ve never heard of before may be a better fit for you than that dream school.

Globalization And The Human Development Index ( Hdi )

Globalization is something to be said to have either brought the world together or brought us apart. It is a debate that has been going on since it first began and how it is has affected the world has brought controversy as well. Mainly, this paper will be focusing on the economic growth that globalization has influenced. As the world is developing and has been over the past decades, certain countries have had a significant increase in economic growth but it is said that there are risks and effects of globalization. This paper will talk about how globalization effects developed countries and what countries need in order to benefit from it. Globalization is defined as a process that, based on international strategies, aims to expand†¦show more content†¦As mentioned earlier, it is believed that globalization benefits world economies. This is because it can increase their standard of living, creates access to new markets, and even widens the wage gap, but there are some conseq uences as well. In the long term, there are many beneficial outcomes but short term, people may suffer, especially the poor. The poor will ultimately become poorer because there will be a decrease in employment. Globalization has often been thought to be the primary reason for income inequality within a nation. Take for example the United States of America. A growing number of American’s believe that globalization is increasing the gap between the rich and poor, even depleting those who are already poor. Essentially, making the rich even richer, and the poor even poorer. â€Å"A famous result due to Wolfgang Stolper and Paul Samuelson states that some groups will necessarily suffer long-term losses in income from free trade† (Rodrik 2011, 38). The technological advances take the jobs away from the people but make it easier for the country in the long run. A popular criticism of globalization is outsourcing. While outsourcing provides jobs to people in one country, it takes away those jobs from people of another country, leaving many without opportunities. The opposing side would point out that American consumers are able to benefit from lower prices which were made possible because of cheaper labor. Defending either side of thisShow MoreRelatedPositive Impact Of Humans On Environment981 Words   |  4 Pages Positive Impacts of Humans Activity on Environment Student’s Name Institution of Learning Positive Impacts of Humans Activity on Environment Above all, there are a lot of articles and books that discover the negative impacts of humans’ activity on environment. Undoubtedly, healthy food is a very important thing for our future, especially in conditions of great pollution of the natural environment. The genetic engineering and biotechnologies are perspective directions of scientific activityRead MoreHuman Development Index1601 Words   |  6 Pages The critical difference between most development models and the human development index is that most development models only focus on income while the human development index includes the enlargement of all human choices – economic, political, social and cultural which all affect income. Comparing countries’ Gross National Product/Gross Domestic Product per capita is the most common way of measuring the level of development today. This model of economic growth assessment is based on a weak foundationRead MoreThe Human Development Index Is Vast Improvement on Measures of Development in Terms of Income1058 Words   |  5 PagesThe critical difference between most development models and human development index is that most development models exclusively focus on the expansion of income while the human development index embraces embraces the enlargement of all human choices – economic, political, social and cultural which all affect income. Comparing countries’ GNP (or GDP) per capita is the most common way of assessing their level of development. This model of economic growth was based on a very weak foundation that wasRead MoreDeveloping A Economically Developed Countries1649 Words   |  7 Pageseconomy with advanced technological industries as compared to other countries. The Human Development index, standard of living as well as the Gross national product of these economies is on the upper level of every chart. 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While traditional outsourcing destinations like China and India have captured much of the major media attention domestically, the ascendencyRead MoreGlobalization Is Not Being Exploited By Capitalists Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pages At one time, Joan Robinson, a British economist had said, â€Å"’There is only one thing that is worse than being exploited by capitalists. And that is not being exploited by capitalists’† (Nayyar 2006, 4). The process of globalization has changed the ways of human interaction and the flow of goods and services, people, information and ideas creating an interconnected single community that is continuously uniting many nations across borders. The emergence of easier accessibility to consumers’ needs

Project Management Construction of an Ultra Modern Hospital

| Table of Contents PROJECT CHARTER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1.0 Introduction 3 Project Team Roles and Responsibilities 7 Approvals 9 2.0 SCOPE MANAGEMENT PLAN 9 SCOPE MANAGEMENT APPROACH 9 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 10 SCOPE DEFINITION 12 WORK BREAK DOWN STRUCTURE 14 WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE DICTIONARY 16 SCOPE VERIFICATION 18 SCOPE CONTROL 19 3.0 PROJECT TIME MANAGEMENT 20 RESOURCE BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE 23 PRECEDENCE DIAGRAM OF SCHEDULED ACTIVITIES 27 4.0 CONTROL SCHEDULE 38 ESTIMATING COST OF THE PROJECT USING WBS 38 5.0 PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT 39 INTRODUCTION 39 COST MANAGEMENT APPROACH 41 MEASURING PROJECT COSTS 42 REPORTING FORMAT 43 COST VARIANCE RESPONSE PROCESS 43 COST CHANGE CONTROL PROCESS 43 PROJECT BUDGET 43†¦show more content†¦It shall also include the installation of services, furnishing and the necessary equipment. The scope of the project does not include entertainment gadgets, and accommodation for doctors. 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Case Study On Cost Volume Profit Analysis And Fortescue Metals Group -

Questions: 1. Why is an uderstanding of cost behaviour important (e.g. fixed costs, variable costs, etc.). 2. Explain the meaning of contribution, and break-even analysis and discuss their usefulness. 3. Break-even/CVP analysis seems to be a great tool. Does it have any weaknesses? 4. Analyse FMG 2014 and 2015 Annual Reports and discuss the factors that influence the miners break-even costs. 5. Analyse the iron ore industry market and discuss which iron ore comapanies are at most risk. Answers: 1. Importance of Understanding of Cost Behaviour The relationship between an activity and its cost is known as cost behaviour. It is important to study cost behaviour because it helps the manager in making decisions regarding the preparation of budgets, production, etc. Basically, there are three types of cost behaviour namely, fixed costs, variable costs, and mixed cost.[1] Behaviour of a cost is significant for managers to have a clear understanding of overall cost structure of the company. Economies of scale, a level of profitable price for the products, and break-even point can also be determined with the help of cost behaviour. Additionally, it is also beneficial for managers to forecast budget as well as cash flow for the business, analyze the various fluctuations, (monthly and quarterly) and identify the variances from the forecast done.[2] Cost, which does not change on changing sales volume or the production, is known as fixed cost or period cost. It includes costs related to machinery, buildings, rent, salary, etc.[3] Fixed costs are helpful in reduction of cost for the business, if the level of production is high. It can act as the barrier to entry for new competitors, if a company has high fixed cost in the industry. 2. Meaning Usefulness of Contribution and Break-even analysis Break-even analysis: It is a way to analyze the point at which revenue equals the cost associated with the revenue. It has various uses such as decision making related to buying and manufacturing. If variable cost is less as compared to the prices paid to suppliers then the company should be prepared for manufacturing the products in the company only else via-a-verse.[7] Break-even analysis helps a company in taking decisions regarding production planning that can give maximum contribution in fixed cost as well as profit. In addition to this, it is important for financial structure planning of the firm and significant tool for controlling the cost which cannot be unnoticed. It is also helpful in decision-making to financial management when the condition of uncertainty arises.[8] Moreover, a margin of safety can be determined by break-even analysis. The calculation becomes quick and easy with the use of Break-even analysis that is helpful in making quick estimations. Break-even point can be presented as below figure: 3. Weaknesses of Break-even/ CVP Analysis Break-even point, no-loss point or zero profit point is a point where firms neither earn profit nor face any loss. It helps the owner of business and managers for the covering expenses of the business after which the business will generate profit in a sales needed. The sales volume required to break-even is known as break-even analysis.[9] It is helpful for managers for understanding the business proposition viability but it has also various weaknesses such as difficulty in calculating break-even for that business who is dealing with more than one product[10]. It is unrealistic to have straight line representation of costs and revenue. It is sometimes impossible to have same fixed cost and sales price for the different level of the production. With the use of break even method, a margin of safety is ignored that is offered by convertible for making the payment of the principal amount on maturity.[11] Changes taking place frequently in the product selling price can affect the reliabil ity of break-even analysis. Sometimes, data can be inaccurate or misleading that can lead to incorrect break-even forecasts.[12] It has no scope of keeping stock as it is assumed that total output produced will be sold. Many times, it oversimplifies the situation of a business such as average revenue and variable costs are considered for the calculation but in real life there will be more considerable variations. From the above-stated weakness, it can be said that it is a planning aid and should not be used for decision-making tool.[13] 4. Factors influencing the miners break-even costs The cost of sales was $US 6051 in 2015 and $US 6078 in 2014. From the data collected, it is noted that Fortescue's break-even point fell more than the other miners, by $US48.10 a tonne. There are many factors that influence the break-even costs such as market demand, cash cost, quality, sales volume, price per unit reduction in direct labour cost, variable cost, and fixed cost. Miners break-even cost is influenced by cash cost, quality consideration, and freight. Quality consideration of Fortescue Metals Group (FSUGY) has grades below 58% with 100% fines production. In freight, Fortescue is closer to the end market so only its grades and fines production led to a discount on the benchmark prices.[14] Fortescue was aiming for a $US36 a tonne break-even in the year 2015 but tracking at around $US37. UBS puts Fortescue's break-even at $US39 a tonne.[15] The sustainability is protected by Fortescue by reducing costs that helped to lower its cash costs that dropped to $US14.79 in December quarter 2015 from $US15.80 in March quarter 2015. Key components of miners' break-evens such as mine-site cash costs were controlled by the company that were the fourth largest contributor to the collective reduction in break-even levels, the declining contribution is about $US4.30 a tonne to the collective $US32.10 a tonne.[16] As on 30 June 2015, cash and cash equivalents were US$2,381 million as compared to 30 June 2014, it was US$2,398 million. Operating cash flows for the financial year 2015 were US$2,037 million and in the year 2014, it was US$6,248 million. Companys interest and finance cost paid was US$605 million and US$853 million in 2015 and 2014 respectively showing a reduction in interest an finance cost paid. Dividend payments were of US$343 million in 2015 and US$581 million in 2014 that also includes the payment of a final dividend of 10 Australian cents.[17] From the above, it can be said that cost of break-even point has declined in the year 2015 as compared to previous year that was influenced by cash cost, quality consideration, and freight. As stated by Nev Power, chief executive of the Fortescue, the biggest opportunity for reduction of the break-even cost was finance instead of its mining operations, mainly with the interest repayments reduction.[18] 5. Iron ore industry market analysis and companies at most risk For analysis of iron ore industry, porters five forces are evaluated as below: Threat of new entrants: Barrier to entry is high in iron ore industry because high set up cost is needed with many government rules and regulations for leasing and licensing. Bargaining power of suppliers: Suppliers bargaining power is high as there are very few suppliers who can supply the specialist equipments required by the company. This industry has suppliers in labour, materials, energy, shipping, and energy costs for which negligible substitutes are available. Therefore, the bargaining power of suppliers is strong[19]. Bargaining power of buyers: There is moderate to low bargaining power of buyers as there are many substitutes which are not available in large quantity. Rivalry among industry: There is medium or low threat of rivalry due to less number of competitors. Threat of substitutes: It is medium to low in this industry because there are many substitutes as raw material products available in the market.[20] Grange Resources (54), BC Iron (52), Anglo American (51) and Atlas Iron (46) are the iron ore companies who are among the most risk facing companies because they have high break-even prices. It indicates that companies are unable to manage various costs such as variable, fixed, semi-variable cost, etc.[21]. References A $US40 iron ore price will actually help BHP and Rio. The Australian. Last modified: December 02, 2015, Annual Report 2014, Fortescue Metals Group (FMG), Last modified: 2014, Annual Report 2015, Fortescue Metals Group (FMG), Last modified: 2014, Bebbington, Jan, Jeffrey Unerman, and Brendan O'Dwyer.Sustainability accounting and accountability. UK: Routledge, 2014. Bevis, Herman W.Corporate Financial Accounting in a Competitive Economy (RLE Accounting). UK: Routledge, 2013. Collier, Paul M.Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. USA: John Wiley Sons, 2015. Droms, William G., and Jay O. Wright.Finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers: All the basics you need to know. UK: Basic Books, 2015. DRURY, C. M.Management and cost accounting. Germany: Springer, 2013. Easton, P. D., Wild, J. J., Halsey, R. F., and McAnally, M. L. Financial accounting for MBAs. UK: Cambridge Business Publishers, 2013. Edwards, J. R.A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting) (Vol. 29). USA: Routledge, 2013.

Reliability Of Narrator Essays - Style, Point Of View, Fiction

Reliability Of Narrator Reliability of a Narrator Stories are often told by a narrator giving his/her point of view, by using omniscient, limited omniscient, or first person. The purpose of the narrator is to give facts and details, being reliable or not. Three stories we have read in class are The Body, by Stephen King, Defender of the Faith, by Philip Roth, and Everyday Use, by Alice Walker; which give examples of a reliable narrator. Each narrator was a reliable source of information, and told his/her story well. Stephen Kings. The Body, was an excellent representation of first person point of view narration. The main protagonist, Gordie, was not only the narrator but a major character. Gordie told the story as an adult looking back on his childhood experiences. He may not have remembered exactly what was said at the time, but he knew enough information to relay an honest recollection. The reliability of a storys narrator depends upon whether or not the reader can trust the information of the narrator. For example, I became acutely aware of all the noises inside me and outside me, like some crazy orchestra tuning up to play. The steady thump of my heart, the bloodbeat in my ears like a drum being played with brushes... (King 358). I felt that these sentences made Gordie more believable, because he acted more mature than the others. His thoughts ran deeper than most twelve year olds, but it was believable. King had written this story with stereotypical adolescent characters, but they ended up being less than ordinary. As the narrator, Gordie gave his own feelings as well as giving the views of the other three. For example, Teddys head shook without definition, unsure if this was true. Someone had redefined his pain, and redefined it in shockingly common terms. (King 352). Gordies reliability is maintained during the entire story because of his innocence as a character. There is no need for him to embellish the truth, because each event could be altered slightly by one of the other characters. Defender of the Faith, by Philip Roth, is a story in which the narrator becomes involved with the main protagonist of the story. This story is a good example of reliable narration, in that, Sergeant Marx goes through a life altering experience. Through his learning, he shows the reader that each event could have taken place. Marx has not acknowledged his religious differences until the first conversation with Sheldon Grossbart. You can stay and scrub floors or you can go to shul, this is the first recognition of Marxs religion (Arp 118). Given that Sergeant Marx is Jewish, we are able to pick out what is true about the religion and what is false. Marx points out more than one situation where he is manipulated for the benefit of Private Sheldon Grossbart. In doing this, he is letting the reader into his personal experience, regardless of what criticism he may receive. Everyday Use, by Alice Walker, was an extraordinary use of first person narration. At first, I had no idea where this story was going to take the reader. The narrator was passionate of her convictions about her eldest daughter. The narrator felt more bonded with the younger daughter, because she was willing to stay behind in the unchanging environment. The narrator showed disappointment when the eldest daughter, Dee, came for a visit. Dee wanted was to take the valuable belongings away from her mother and sister, because they wouldnt be properly used. It is best expressed in this quote from the story, Maggie cant appreciate these quilts! she said. Shed probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use (Arp 96). The narrators reliability is shown throughout the story by relating her situation to a broad group. Most of us have experienced similar events, making it easy to trust the narrator. The reliability of a narrator is what most readers depend on to make a good story. The main focus of the narrator is to make the readers become involved in the story. The reader should be able to step into the shoes of one of the characters. In the stories listed above, one can conclude that narration is key to having a successful story. English Essays